Cooling is a good example. While the reference designs that grace the first cards to hit the market do their jobs well enough, after-market solutions tend to yield better results, as do models carrying a manufacturer’s own design. Heatpipes are good, and more heatpipes tend to be better. Along the same lines, a bigger heat sink is also beneficial, as the thermal load can be dissipated over a larger area. This is a very important point, since a reference cooler is designed to keep the GPU at a temperature of about 80 to 90 degrees Celsius at stock speeds while  (hopefully) producing only moderate noise.

If you go and increase your GPU's core frequency, resulting in higher heat output, the fan will become progressively louder, spinning up until it reaches its maximum speed in an effort to keep the graphics chip from overheating. Once this point is reached, the card is running at the highest clock speed the cooler will enable. Usually, stock coolers only provide a little headroom. And while the fan will try to cope with the additional heat by blowing more air onto the cooler, it can only do so much with the surface area it has at its disposal.

Something similar happens when you have two brawny graphics cards working together in an SLI or CrossFire setup. Although the cards' fans spin up from 85 to 100 percent duty cycle, they end up fighting a losing battle against the heat output of two cards running at full blast. The problem here is airflow. Too little cool air enters the case, so what little air there is inside the enclosure gets circulated again and again, heating up in the process. At some point, the air gets so warm that the cooler effectively stops cooling the GPU, resulting in a temperature buildup in the GPU, as well as other components.

To recap: the higher the ambient temperature in the case, the harder it is to keep the graphics card cool.

Two more points to consider are the card’s BIOS and its graphics drivers. Ideally, both should support overclocking and clock scaling (lowering the clock speeds for the GPU and memory when the card is in 2D mode) where possible. In some cases, card makers don’t do their homework. They overclock the GPU by five percent and sell the card as an OC Edition. While this does boost 3D performance under load, locking the graphics chip in to a higher overclocked frequency means the board doesn't scale down when idle. The only winning party here is your power company. The other side-effect of the GPU being stuck at max speed is that it constantly produces the same amount of heat, whether you’re browsing the Web or playing a graphically-demanding 3D game. The cooler’s fans are never idle, either.

As a rule of thumb, frequencies should drop to 300/600/100 MHz (GPU/shader/memory) in 2D mode on Nvidia cards. For cards built around an ATI chip, scaling will depend on the model. Although the graphics chip is usually down-clocked to 240 or 500 MHz, the GDDR5 memory on older cards tends to stay at its top speed. Thus, overclocking has an immediate effect on idle power consumption of either vendor's products as well, because they keep running at the higher clocks in 2D mode as well.

The final factor, GPU voltage, is also controlled by the card maker. In the worst case, the card’s voltage is locked in place and overclocking such a card will result in very little margin. Although there are some ways to alter GPU voltage using BIOS modifications or utilities like ATI Tool, even these aren’t guaranteed to work for all cards. Also, don’t forget that overclocking your card almost certainly voids your warranty, since you’re running your hardware outside of specifications the manufacturer considers safe. Almost all current graphics cards have a mechanism to prevent overheating. Once they reach 100 degrees Celsius or so, they automatically reduce their clock speed. But no matter what, raising the GPU’s voltage significantly increases the risk of damaging your hardware.

• Radeon HD 5770...
• • Newegg.com
  • $154.99

MSI ventured into voltage mod territory with its GeForce GTX 260 Lightning, a card that uses a special driver add-on allowing users to increase the GPU voltage at higher clock speeds to improve stability. MSI seems to have become more cautious with the card’s successor, the GeForce GTX 275 Lightning. Its software now displays a warning explaining that, while changes to certain parameters is possible, they can also result in damage to the hardware.

Our objective today is to attempt to reach the performance level of the next-highest class of graphics hardware through overclocking. We ordered two special models from MSI for this test that come with beefier cooling solutions and are sold as OC editions, namely the GTX 275 Lightning and the HD 4890 Cyclone SOC. As it turns out, reaching our goal was a snap on the GTX 275 Lightning, which can take on a reference GeForce GTX 285 once it is overclocked. ATI’s Radeon HD 4890 is already the fastest single-GPU card in the 4800-series, so we’ll only be comparing the improved overclocked performance to that of the reference card. Our final candidate is ATI’s brand new Radeon HD 5770. Without giving away too much, we can say that this card blew us away, amply demonstrating the scalability of the 40nm production process.

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