1968: Dr. Michael DeBakey supervises five teams of surgeons in the first simultaneous, multi-organ transplant.

One team at Methodist Hospital in Houston removed the heart, the lobe of one lung, and both kidneys from a 20-year-old woman, the victim of a gunshot wound. The organs were transplanted into four patients: A 50-year-old man got the heart, the partial lung went to a 39-year-old man, and two men, 41 and 22, each received a kidney.

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REDMOND, Washington — Deep inside Microsoft is the brain of a mad scientist.

You might not think so, given the banality of the company’s ubiquitous products: Windows, Office, Hotmail, Exchange Server, Active Directory. The days are long past when this kind of software could light up anyone’s imagination, except maybe an accountant’s.

But Microsoft has an innovative side that’s still capable of producing surprises. In fact, Microsoft spends more than $9 billion a year, and employs 850 people, just in research and development. While most of that goes toward coding the next versions of the c...